Engineering neural recovery: Micro/nano-structured materials for nerve regeneration

Micro- and nano-structures play a crucial role in modulating nerve cell behavior and influencing the distribution of endogenous factors or exogenous therapeutic agents, which significantly affect the outcome of nerve tissue regeneration. Herein, the development of micro/nano-structured materials for neural tissue regeneration is reviewed. Also, the main manufacturing strategies of micro- and nano-structures are introduced, including electrospinning, 3D printing, microfluidics, and freezing casting. Particularly, multiple micro/nano-structured materials and their applications in both peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury repair are highlighted. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of micro/nano-structured materials for nerve regeneration are presented and discussed. Finally, the challenges and outlook for developing the next-generation structured materials are summarized. This review provides helpful knowledge and inspires researchers with more promising ideas.