Progress in Auricular Reconstruction Techniques: A Review

Backgrounds and Purpose Microtia is a congenital malformation characterized by abnormal development of the external ear. Auricular reconstruction is the primary treatment for microtia. Because of the unique 3-dimensional anatomical structure of the auricle, the fabrication of patient-specific scaffolds remains one of the most technically demanding aspects of the reconstruction process. This review summarizes the literature and provides a comprehensive guide of the latest advances and breakthroughs in traditional autologous cartilage procedures and tissue-engineered ear scaffold technologies. Observations Although traditional techniques often fail to meet the growing aesthetic needs of patients, recent advancements in autologous costal cartilage grafting have led to substantial improvements, particularly in the areas of skin expander selection and placement, cartilage carving skills, and framework stabilization. Meanwhile, tissue engineering, particularly 3D bioprinting, has emerged as a promising alternative. Advances in bioinks, seed cells, and imaging technologies have further refined the fabrication of ear scaffolds, although clinical validation remains limited. Conclusions While traditional methods continue to evolve, tissue engineering and 3D printing holds significant promise for the future. This review aims to guide future research and contribute to intelligent ear reconstruction.