Design and upgrade of mesoporous perovskite solar cells

In recent years, there has been notable progress in the development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), marked by significant advancements in efficiency, stability, and scalability. Among different device architectures and technical routes, mesoporous perovskite solar cells (MPSCs) based on TiO 2 /ZrO 2 /carbon scaffold and screen-printing fabrication process have shown unique advantages for mass production and commercialization due to the low material cost and scalable fabrication process. Through efforts on material optimization, interface engineering, and device design, the power conversion efficiency of MPSCs has steadily increased from the initial 6.64 ​% in 2013 to current 22.22 ​%. Attributing to the screen-printing-based fabrication process, printable mesoscopic PSCs have enabled large-area devices, from mini-modules to modules, and solar panels. In this review, we discuss the development and latest advances of MPSCs, and provide outlooks for further improving the performance of this promising photovoltaic technology. This review discusses the development and latest advances of printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells with the architecture of TiO 2 /ZrO 2 /Carbon, and provide outlooks for further improving the performance of this promising photovoltaic technology. • The development and advances of printable mesoscopic triple-layer perovskite solar cells (TiO 2 /ZrO 2 /Carbon) are discussed. • The advantages of printable mesoscopic triple-layer perovskite solar cells for commercialization are highlighted. • Outlooks for further improving the performance of printable mesoscopic triple-layer perovskite solar cells are provided.