Metabolic engineering of Komagataella phaffii for the efficient utilization of methanol

Abstract Background Komagataella phaffii , a type of methanotrophic yeast, can use methanol, a favorable non-sugar substrate in eco-friendly bio-manufacturing. The dissimilation pathway in K. phaffii leads to the loss of carbon atoms in the form of CO 2 . However, the ΔFLD strain, engineered to lack formaldehyde dehydrogenase—an essential enzyme in the dissimilation pathway—displayed growth defects when exposed to a methanol-containing medium. Results Inhibiting the dissimilation pathway triggers an excessive accumulation of formaldehyde and a decline in the intracellular NAD + /NADH ratio. Here, we designed dual-enzyme complex with the alcohol oxidase1/dihydroxyacetone synthase1 (Aox1/Das1), enhancing the regeneration of the formaldehyde receptor xylulose-5-phosphate (Xu5P). This strategy mitigated the harmful effects of formaldehyde accumulation and associated toxicity to cells. Concurrently, we elevated the NAD + /NADH ratio by overexpressing isocitrate dehydrogenase in the TCA cycle, promoting intracellular redox homeostasis. The OD 600 of the optimized combination of the above strategies, strain DF02-1, was 4.28 times higher than that of the control strain DF00 (Δ FLD , HIS4 + ) under 1% methanol. Subsequently, the heterologous expression of methanol oxidase Mox from Hansenula polymorpha in strain DF02-1 resulted in the recombinant strain DF02-4, which displayed a growth at an OD 600 4.08 times higher than that the control strain DF00 in medium containing 3% methanol. Conclusions The reduction of formaldehyde accumulation, the increase of NAD + /NADH ratio, and the enhancement of methanol oxidation effectively improved the efficient utilization of a high methanol concentration by strain ΔFLD strain lacking formaldehyde dehydrogenase. The modification strategies implemented in this study collectively serve as a foundational framework for advancing the efficient utilization of methanol in K. phaffii .