Bismuth-infused perivascular wrap facilitates delivery of mesenchymal stem cells and attenuation of neointimal hyperplasia in rat arteriovenous fistulas

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as novel therapies for supporting arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation, and bioresorbable polymeric scaffolds have enabled sustained MSC delivery into maturing AVFs. However, the radiolucency of biopolymeric wraps prevents in vivo monitoring of their integrity and location, hindering long-term preclinical investigations.