Nucleic acid nanoscale constructs for transformative frontier in theranostics

Abstract Using the intrinsic qualities of nucleic acids-biocompatibility, programmability, and precise self-assembly - DNA and RNA nanostructures represent a revolutionary new frontier in theranostics, bridging the gap between diagnostics and treatment. With minimal systemic side effects, these nanoscale structures can be precisely engineered to interact with particular molecular targets, allowing for highly selective drug delivery and real-time molecular imaging. The development of ultrasensitive diagnostic platforms is further supported by their sequence-specific recognition and conformational adaptability. This review highlights the growing role of nucleic acid nanostructures in personalized medicine by synthesizing recent advancements in their structural design and functional integration. Additionally, it presents future directions for their clinical translation, establishing these intelligent biomaterials as crucial facilitators of next-generation therapeutic and diagnostic approaches.