The Biology of Diatom and Potential Usage for Value-Added Products

The research and industrial sectors have shown considerable interest in using diatoms, which are taxonomically diverse microalgae species known for their complex silica cell walls and ability to perform photosynthesis. Diatoms are critical to global carbon and silicon recycling in the ocean, and their photosynthetic activity accounts for nearly half of all marine primary production. Over 8,000 species have been recorded in freshwater and marine systems, with an estimated 200,000 species. The impact of abiotic environmental stresses, such as intensity and quality of incident light nutrient availability on diatoms, is known to determine critical factors that affect growth performance and the accumulation of valuable compounds. Their rapid growth rates, high biomass yields, and potential to biosynthesize valuable compounds have led to exploration across diverse domains including biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, energy, and materials science. This chapter examines the ecology of diatoms and their potential utilization of diatoms as valuable products. We will explore their suitability for value-added product generation as well as discuss the positive attributes and address any potential concerns associated with employing diatoms in various industries.