Monitoring CO2 kinetics as a marker of cardiopulmonary efficiency

Purpose of review To describe current and near future developments and applications of CO 2 kinetics in clinical respiratory and cardiovascular monitoring. Recent findings In the last years, we have witnessed a renewed interest in CO 2 kinetics in relation with a better understanding of volumetric capnography and its derived parameters. This together with technological advances and improved measurement systems have expanded the monitoring potential of CO 2 kinetics including breath by breath continuous end-expiratory lung volume and continuous noninvasive cardiac output. Dead space has slowly been gaining relevance in clinical monitoring and prognostic evaluation. Easy to measure dead space surrogates such as the ventilatory ratio have demonstrated a strong prognostic value in patients with acute respiratory failure. Summary The kinetics of carbon dioxide describe many relevant physiological processes. The clinical introduction of new ways of assessing respiratory and circulatory efficiency based on advanced analysis of CO 2 kinetics are paving the road to a long-desired goal in clinical monitoring of critically ill patients: the integration of respiratory and circulatory monitoring during mechanical ventilation.