Role of Glycyrrhizin in the Reduction of Inflammation in Diabetic Kidney Disease

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most debilitating complications of type 2 diabetes. Recent evidence suggests chronic inflammation to be one of the causal factors of DKD. The mechanisms entailed are not completely elucidated except that a variety of cytokines play a major role in this process. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a pro-inflammatory toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-binding cytokine that is involved in inflammation-associated gene expression. This investigation was designed to assess the involvement of HMGB1, TLR-4, and nuclear factor (NF)-&#x03BA;B in the development of DKD and to evaluate that whether blocking HMGB1 by its natural inhibitor Glycyrrhizin (GLC) can reduce the progression of the disease. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Studies were carried out in 8-10-weeks old Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) and lean, age- and gender-matched rats. At 10 weeks of age, ZDF rats as compared to controls, showed hyperglycemia, without proteinuria. After 8-10 weeks of the development of diabetes, ZDF animals that showed proteinuria were treated with GLC for 4 weeks. In addition, normal rat kidney (NRK-52E) cells with epithelial-like morphology were comparatively treated with GLC under hyperglycemic condition in vitro. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Substantial increase in the expression of HMGB1, TLR4, and NF-&#x03BA;B in vivo and in vitro under hyperglycemic conditions was observed as compared to normoglycemic conditions. The overexpression of HMGB1, TLR4, NF-&#x03BA;B, and glomerular injury marker nestin was significantly ameliorated by GLC administration. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Our findings suggest that hyperglycemia-induced HMGB1 activation in ZDF rats may contribute to the progression of DKD.