The chemical composition, classification, and geographical distributions of soda-saline lakes in Eastern Tanzania's rift valley

Soda-Saline Lakes in eastern Tanzania's rift valley. This study examined the chemical composition, classification, and geographical distribution of soda-saline lakes in the eastern Tanzania rift valley. The results revealed that lake water pH ranged from 9.0 to 10.2, EC ranged from 2843 to 109,800 µS/cm, and Na+ dominated over other cations with mixed dominance of HCO3- + CO32-, Cl-, and SO42-. The study also revealed that lakes Balangida and Balangida Lelu had higher sulphate levels than the other lakes, presumably due to sulfate-rich bedrock and local agricultural input. The study suggests that trace elements and heavy metals in lake water depend on their geology, past usage, and specific environmental conditions. The saturation index (SI) showed that the lakes were oversaturated with dolomite, calcite, and aragonite but undersaturated with anhydrite, gypsum, and halite. Lakes Natron and Manyara are classified as soda types, lakes Balangida and Eyasi are classified as soda-saline types; and lakes Singidani, Kindai, Mikuyu, Balangida Lalu, and Sulunga are classified as saline types. The geographical distribution patterns showed that soda-type and soda-saline lakes were most common in northern Tanzania (Arusha and Manyara). In contrast, saline-type lakes were common in the central regions between Dodoma and Singida. The dominant volcanic nature in the northern part possibly influences soda and soda-saline types.