The eigenmodes of atmospheric turbulence

Structured light is routinely used in free-space optical communication channels, both classical and quantum, where information is encoded in the spatial structure of the mode for increased bandwidth. Unlike polarisation, the spatial structure of light is perturbed through such channels by atmospheric turbulence, and consequently, much attention has focused on whether one mode type is more robust than another, but with seemingly inconclusive and contradictory results. Both real-world and experimentally simulated turbulence conditions have revealed that free-space structured light modes are perturbed in some manner by turbulence, resulting in both amplitude and phase distortions. Here, we present complex forms of structured light which are invariant under propagation through the atmosphere: the true eigenmodes of atmospheric turbulence. We provide a theoretical procedure for obtaining these eigenmodes and confirm their invariance both numerically and experimentally.