The role of exosomes in follicle regeneration of androgenic alopecia

Androgenic alopecia (AGA) represents the most prevalent form of hair loss, mainly driven by the overactivation of androgen receptors in the hair follicle by dihydrotestosterone. While it does not compromise the physical health of individuals, AGA can substantially influence their psychological well-being and quality of life. Early diagnosis and intervention could considerably decelerate hair loss progression and improve patients' quality of life. Exosomes, or extracellular vehicles (EVs), are nanoscale vesicles secreted by various cell types. They harbor a wide variety of therapeutically active substances and exhibit potential in treating dermatological conditions such as hair regeneration, wound healing, and oxidative stress. In recent years, stem cell-derived exosomes, which exhibit functionalities akin to stem cells themselves, have demonstrated efficacious therapeutic roles in diverse pathological models, holding particular advantages over cell therapy in repairing damaged hair follicles and promoting follicular regrowth. Therefore, this article reviews the therapeutic effects and regeneration mechanisms of various exosomes on AGA, in order to shed light on the potential clinical management of hair loss-related conditions.