Recent advances in nature-inspired antifouling membranes for water purification

Membrane separation technologies have been widely used for water purification. However, membrane fouling, which arises from unwanted deposition and adhesion of foulants, significantly hinders the applications of membrane technology. In recent years, inspirations that come through materials, processes and designs of nature open a new avenue for the development of antifouling membranes. The review aims to summarize the recent progress in nature-inspired antifouling membranes. The fundamentals of membrane fouling are first discussed based on the classical theories and recent advances in available literature. Subsequently, antifouling surfaces inspired from nature, involving superwetting surfaces, antimicrobial approaches and bio-synthesis strategies, are systematically summarized and antifouling membrane fabrications based on these strategies are critically reviewed. The challenges and perspectives are also discussed to facilitate the future research and development of nature-inspired antifouling membranes. This review provides comprehensive understanding and practical guidance on the construction of nature-inspired antifouling membranes for water purification.