Next generation immuno-oncology biomarkers in gastrointestinal cancer: what does the future hold?

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers pose a significant health burden worldwide, necessitating advancements in diagnostic and treatment approaches. One promising avenue is the utilization of next-generation biomarkers, which hold the potential to revolutionize GI cancer management.This review explores the latest breakthroughs and expert opinions surrounding the application of next-generation immunotherapy biomarkers. It encompasses various aspects of the currently utilized biomarkers of immunotherapy in the context of GI cancers focusing on microsatellite stable cancers. It explores the promising research on the next generation of biomarkers addressing the challenges associated with integrating them into clinical practice and the need for standardized protocols and regulatory guidelines.Immune profiling, multiplex immunohistochemistry, analysis of immune cell subsets, and novel genomic and epigenomic markers integrated with machine-learning approaches offer new avenues for identifying robust biomarkers. Liquid biopsy-based approaches, such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and exosome-based analyses, hold promise for real-time monitoring and early detection of treatment response.