Real-Time Monitoring of Inflammation in Metabolic Syndrome with Electrochemical Detection of Tyramine Level in Urine

This work reports on an innovative and cost-effective screen-printed biosensor, designed for rapid and realtime detection of tyramine levels in urine and continuous monitoring of metabolic syndrome in patients with diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease at the point-of-care. Tyramine levels displayed a significant inverse correlation with various biomarkers of inflammation and cardiometabolic risk factors such as blood pressure and body mass index. In addition, a low level of tyramine has been found to be associated with the proinflammatory state in metabolic syndrome. The developed sensor exhibited remarkable electrocatalytic activity toward tyramine detection within two linear concentration range of 1–500 nM, and 1–200 μM, with limit-of-detection of 0.039 μM, and a response time of 14 seconds. With a remarkable sensitivity, reproducibility, and stability performance, this device possesses the potential to enable early diagnosis of severe clinical conditions associated with tyramine levels in urine and effectively monitor, manage, and ensure healthcare in any resource-limited settings.