甲基汞
神经科学
神经毒性
小胶质细胞
神经保护
兴奋毒性
背景(考古学)
中枢神经系统
环境化学
医学
谷氨酸受体
化学
生物
免疫学
内科学
炎症
毒性
生物累积
古生物学
受体
作者
Caio Gustavo Leal-Nazaré,Gabriela de Paula Arrifano,Amanda Lopes-Araújo,Letícia Santos-Sacramento,Jean Ludger Barthelemy,Isabela Soares-Silva,María Elena Crespo-López,Marcus Augusto‐Oliveira
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170939
摘要
Mercury is a highly toxic metal widely used in human activities worldwide, therefore considered a global public health problem. Many cases of mercury intoxication have occurred in history and represent a huge challenge nowadays. Of particular importance is its methylated form, methylmercury (MeHg). This mercurial species induces damage to several organs in the human body, especially to the central nervous system. Neurological impairments such as executive, memory, motor and visual deficits are associated with MeHg neurotoxicity. Molecular mechanisms involved in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity include excitotoxicity due to glutamatergic imbalance, disturbance in calcium homeostasis and oxidative balance, failure in synaptic support, and inflammatory response. Although neurons are largely affected by MeHg intoxication, they only represent half of the brain cells. Glial cells represent roughly 50 % of the brain cells and are key elements in the functioning of the central nervous system. Particularly, astrocytes and microglia are deeply involved in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity, resulting in distinct neurological outcomes depending on the context. In this review, we discuss the main findings on astroglial and microglial involvement as mediators of neuroprotective and neurotoxic responses to MeHg intoxication. The literature shows that these responses depend on chemical and morphophysiological features, thus, we present some insights for future investigations, considering the particularities of the context, including time and dose of exposure, brain region, and species of study.
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