Genomic heterogeneity of multiple synchronous lung cancers in Chinese population

Abstract Introduction It is clinically challenging to infer the phylogenetic relationship between different tumor lesions of patients with multiple synchronous lung cancers (MSLC), whether these lesions are the result of independently evolved tumor or intrapulmonary metastases. Methods We used the Illumina X10 platform to sequence 128 stage I lung cancer samples collected from 64 patients with MSLC. All samples were analyzed for mutation spectra and phylogenetic inference. Results We detected genetic aberrations within genes previously reported to be recurrently altered in lung adenocarcinoma including, EGFR, ERBB2, TP53, BRAF, and KRAS. Other putative driver mutations identified were enriched in RTK‐RAS signaling, TP53 signaling, and cell cycle. Also, we found some interesting cases, two cases that carried EGFR L858R and T790M co‐mutation in one tumor and another tumor with only EGFR 19del, and 1 case with two KRAS hotspots in the same tumor. Due to the short follow‐up time and early stage, further investigation is needed to determine whether this unique mutation profile will affect their progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Regarding genetic evolution analysis among 64 tumor samples, 50 of them display distinct mutational profiles, suggesting these are independently evolved tumors, which is consistent with histopathological assessment. On the other hand, six patients were identified to be intrapulmonary metastasis as the mutations harbored in different lesions are clonally related. Conclusion In summary, unlike intrapulmonary metastases, patients with MSLC harbor distinct genomic profiles in different tumor lesions, and we could distinguish MSLC from intrapulmonary metastases via clonality estimation.