Dual Functional Radioactive Gel‐Microspheres for Combinatorial Radioembolization and Photothermal Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abstract Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) is an established clinical therapy for treating patients with intermediate to advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or those who cannot undergo radical treatment. However, the delivery of a high radiation dose is associated with several adverse effects, such as radiation pneumonitis. Additionally, the available radioactive microspheres (MSs) are dense and unsuitable for interventional delivery. This study proposes the use of commercial CalliSpheres polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel MSs coated with polydopamine (PDA) as a carrier for radioactive iodine ( 131 I) labeled using the iodogen method, denoted as 131 I‐PDA@PVA MSs, which can be for radioembolization combined photothermal therapy (PTT) of HCC. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that 131 I‐PDA@PVA MSs have high radiolabeling stability and photothermal properties. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) imaging and biodistribution experiments have shown that 131 I‐PDA@PVA MSs remain stable in vivo without any radioactive leakage. The results of the antitumor study suggest that 131 I‐PDA@PVA MSs are an effective treatment for inhibiting tumor growth through a combination of radioembolization and PTT while avoiding significant side effects. These multifunctional MSs have great potential for clinical application in the treatment of HCC.