Cascade Regulation of Blood Clot Stabilization‐Cell Migration‐Osteogenic Differentiation by Hollow Hydrogels for Periodontal Bone Regeneration and Repair

). Furthermore, it supports osteogenic differentiation of both PDLSCs and MC3T3-E1 cells by upregulating osteogenesis-related proteins. In conclusion, by leveraging the cross-linking and entanglement properties of polymers, a hollow hydrogel that sequentially regulates the three critical stages of periodontal bone regeneration is developed. Notably, this hydrogel effectively preserves blood clots, an often-overlooked aspect of bone repair, within its hollow structure. This innovation encourages the advancement of biomaterials that more closely mimic the natural repair process.