Interface Preconstruction Enables Robust Passivation of the Ah-Level Aqueous Li-ion Batteries

to form the cation-anion complex, facilitating the anion proximity to the anode interface. The anion reduction based on the artificial interphase can finally help achieve the robust SEI in ALIBs. Such passivation stabilizes the aqueous electrolyte, significantly suppressing the side reaction of the HER that allows ALIBs to obtain a superior long life above 2000 cycles. The ampere-hour-level (Ah-level) pouch cell achieves an energy density of 57 Wh/kg and 176 Wh/L with high energy efficiency (∼94%).