Fe3O4/MnCO3 microbubbles for efficient elimination of bacterial biofilms by mechanical/sonodynamic effects under ultrasound irradiation and magnetic field targeting

NPs through the sonodynamic effect. In a mouse model with catheter-associated MRSA biofilm infection, FMMB removed 58.8% of the biofilm with MF and US, and the bacterial inactivation efficiency reached as high as 4.1 log (99.992%). This work develops multifunctional microbubbles with both US-responsive mechanical and sonodynamic effects for biofilm disruption and MF-responsive properties for biofilm targeting, offering a promising strategy for designing antibiofilm agents to effectively treat bacterial biofilm infections.