Flexible deformation and special interface structure in nanoparticle-stabilized Pickering bubbles strengthen the immunological response as adjuvant

T cells and the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio bias further demonstrated the excellent adjuvant role of PPBs in immunity. Finally, the biosafety of PPBs as an immunological adjuvant was also demonstrated. Our study demonstrates the potential of particle-stabilized bubbles as immune adjuvants, which provides innovative ideas for vaccine development and design.