Laser Ablation of Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia for Medically Refractory Epilepsy

Objective Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH) is the most common neuronal heterotopia, frequently resulting in pharmaco‐resistant epilepsy. Here, we characterize variables that predict good epilepsy outcomes following surgical intervention using stereo‐electroencephalography (SEEG) ‐informed magnetic resonance‐guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLITT). Methods A retrospective review of consecutive cases from a single high‐volume epilepsy referral center identified patients who underwent SEEG evaluation for PVNH to characterize the intervention and outcomes. Results Thirty‐nine patients underwent SEEG‐guided MRgLITT of the seizure onset zone (SoZ) in PVNH and associated epileptic tissue. PVNH and polymicrogyria (PMG) were densely sampled with a mean of 16.5 (SD = 2)/209.4 (SD = 36.9) SEEG probes/recording contacts per patient. Ablation principally targeted just the PVNH and cortex that was abnormal on imaging was ablated (5 patients) only if implicated in the SoZ. Volumetric analyses revealed a high percentage of PVNH SoZ ablation (96.6%, SD = 5.3%) in unilateral and bilateral (92.9%, SD = 7.2%) cases. Mean follow‐up duration was 31.4 months (SD = 20.9). Seizure freedom (ILAE 1) was excellent: unilateral PVNH without other imaging abnormalities, 80%; PVNH with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) or PMG, 63%; bilateral PVNH, 50%. SoZ ablation percentage significantly impacted surgical outcomes ( p < 0.001). Interpretation PVNH plays a central role in seizure genesis as revealed by dense recordings and selective targeting by LITT. MRgLITT represents a transformative technological advance in PVNH‐associated epilepsy with seizure control outcomes consistent with those seen in focal lesional epilepsies. In localized unilateral cases and otherwise normal imaging, PVNH ablation without invasive recordings may be considered, and this approach deserves to be explored further. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:1174–1184