Ultrasensitive and rapid detection for multiple dopings in saliva and urine using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

AbstractAbstractAbuse of dopings is one of the serious issues affecting competitive sports globally. Traditional means of analysis for doping detection face the challenges of costly, bulky, and complicated pretreatment, as well as long detection times. Therefore, it is critical to achieve on-site and rapid detection for dopings. Herein, we proposed a strategy for ultrasensitive and quick detection of multiple dopings using a combination of liquid phase extraction and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The clenbuterol, methadone, oxycodone, and chlordiazepoxide were four dopings, which could be detected conveniently in human saliva and urine using the above approach. The limit of detection for clenbuterol, methadone, oxycodone, and chlordiazepoxide in saliva were 25, 10, 50, and 25 ng/mL, respectively, and in urine, 25, 5, 50, and 25 ng/mL. Finally, in about a minute, four dopings at concentration of 100 ng/mL in saliva and urine can be detected accurately and synchronously. This synchronous detection strategy further demonstrates the enormous advantages of SERS in on-site and rapid detection of multiple drugs.Table 1. Summary of Raman bands of four dopings.DopingRaman band/cm−1AscriptionClenbuterol380Skeleton vibration of C–C–Cl 1261Anilinic C–N stretching coupled with in-plane ring deformations 1471Coupling of in-plane tensile vibrations with amorphous C–N tensile vibrations 1600C=C stretch band of the aromatic ringMethadone678C–C=O and C–N–C bending vibrations 1000Breathing vibration of the benzene ringChlordiazepoxide682C–N–C bending vibration 999Breathing vibration of the benzene ringOxycodone575Appeared in reference [22], but did not mention specific ascription 1275Bending vibration of CH2Keywords: Doping detectionsalivaSERSsimultaneous detectionurine Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Ultrasensitive and rapid detection for multiple dopings in saliva and urine using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopyAll authorsDi Feng, Shan-Shan Xu, Bao-Ying Wen, Murugavel Kathiresan, Yue-Jiao Zhang, An Wang, Fan-Li Zhang, Shangzhong Jin & Jian-Feng Lihttps://doi.org/10.1080/00387010.2023.2206474Published online:04 May 2023Table 1. Summary of Raman bands of four dopings. Download CSVDisplay TableAdditional informationFundingThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [22104124 and 22202167], the Xiamen Science and Technology Plan Project [35022022YJ03], and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [20720220117 and 20720220139].