Exosomes and Their miRNA as a Potential Biomarker in the Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease

Exosomes are the smallest of the extracellular vesicles, essential in intercellular communication by transporting lipids, proteins, and RNA, thereby influencing the recipient cells. The exosomes from cerebrospinal fluid, central nervous system, and other body fluids have substantial modifications in their molecular composition under various disease conditions. Recent research suggests their potential use as biomarkers for early and prompt detection of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease (PD), which is characterized by the misfolded aggregates of the α-synuclein protein. Notably, exosome-based dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as potential biomarkers for accurate Parkinson's disease diagnosis. Exosomal miRNAs' potential and limitations as early diagnostic biomarkers for Parkinson's disease are discussed comprehensively in this review.