Scenario analysis, management, and optimization of a new Vehicle-to-Micro-Grid (V2μG) network based on off-grid renewable building energy systems

To fully exploit the potential of decarburization in the transport sector (e.g., electric vehicles (EV)) and energy sector (e.g., building energy system), this paper proposes a new concept of 'Vehicle-to-Micro-Grid (V2μG) network' that incorporates the off-grid building energy system with flexible power storage/supply provided by battery EVs (BEVs) and fuel cell EVs (FCEVs). The work is conducted with three main contributions: 1) a rule-based energy management strategy is proposed to study the impact of the V2μG interactions on the EV battery degradation; 2) a scenario analysis based on four working modes is conducted to evaluate the energy efficiency, costing, environmental impacts, and component ageing of the proposed V2μG network; 3) the optimum settings for system configuration, capacity, and operation strategy of the V2μG network are obtained by the NSGA-II algorithm. The study suggested that the degradation of lithium-ion batteries in BEV can be reduced by 13% compared to the network without FCEVs. In a community with 160 households and 200 EVs, the optimal V2μG network can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 515.56 tons annually compared to the conventional off-grid building energy system powered by internal combustion engines.