Erythrocyte‐membrane‐camouflaged magnetic nanocapsules with photothermal/magnetothermal effects for thrombolysis

Venous/arterial thrombosis poses significant threats to human health. However, drug-enabled thrombolysis treatment often encounters challenges such as a short half-life and low bioavailability. To address these issues, we report the design of erythrocyte-membrane (EM) camouflaged nanocapsules (USIO/UK@EM) incorporating ultra-small iron oxide (USIO) and urokinase (UK) drug, which exhibit remarkable photothermal/magnetothermal effects and drug delivery ability for venous and arterial thrombolysis. USIO, UK, and EM were coextruded to fabricate USIO/UK@EM with average sizes of 103.7 nm. Since USIO/UK@EM possesses wide photoabsorption characteristics and good magnetic properties, its solution demonstrates a remarkable temperature increase to 41.8-42.9 °C within 5 min when exposed to an 808 nm laser (0.33 mW cm