Antimicrobial effects of selenium nanoparticles in combination with photodynamic therapy against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm

• Chitosan-coated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were synthesized using the chemical reduction method. • The combined use of methylene blue-induced photo-dynamic therapy (PDT) and seNPs significantly reduced colony-forming units of one-day-old E. faecalis biofilms compared to the control group ( P value < 0.05). • PDT in combination with seNPs had the most antibacterial effect on root canal E. faecalis biofilms at both 200 and 400 µm depth of dentine tubules ( P value < 0.001). Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs) were reported as an agent that may enhance the effectiveness of Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT). This in vitro study evaluates the effect of SeNPs on the efficacy of Methylene Blue (MB)-induced PACT against the biofilm formated in 96-well plates and the dentine tubule biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis . Chitosan coated SeNPs were synthesized using chemical reduction method and were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Twenty-four-hour biofilms of E. faecalis were developed on 96-well plates and treated with SeNPs, MB, and Light-Emitting Diode (LED). Also, three-week biofilms of E. faecalis were formed on 67 specimens of dentinal tubules, and the antibacterial effects of MB+SeNPs on these biofilms were studied. The average hydrodynamic diameter of SeNPs was 80/3 nm according to DLS measurement. The combined use of MB and SeNPs significantly reduced Colony-Forming Units (CFUs) of one-day-old E. faecalis biofilms in comparison with the control group ( P value < 0.05). Besides, combination therapy had the most antibacterial effect on root canal E. faecalis biofilms at both 200 and 400 µm depths of dentine tubules ( P value < 0.001). Of note, about 50% of human fibroblast cells survived at a concentration of 128 µg/ml of SeNPs, compared to the control group. The results demonstrated that the photodynamic therapy modified by SeNPs could be an effective disinfection alternative to the destruction of E. faecalis biofilms and root canal treatment.