Precordial Vibrations Provide Noninvasive Detection of Early-Stage Hemorrhage

Graded lower-body negative pressure was used to create a hemodynamic response similar to hemorrhage. Echocardiogram measurements showed a maximal reduction of 32.4% in stroke volume. Analysis of systolic time intervals, such as pre-ejection period and left ventricular ejection time (LVET), derived from a seismocardiogram (SCG), were demonstrated to be more sensitive in detection of early-stage hemorrhage compared with pulse pressure, heart rate, and the amplitude features extracted from SCG. In particular, the LVET and pre-ejection period/LVET features, extracted from SCG, were significantly different between, and correlated with, the different stages of lower-body negative pressure (r = 0.9 and 0.88, P < 0.05), for 32 subjects. These results suggest a portable, cost-effective solution for identification of mild or moderate hemorrhage using accelerometers.