Removal of chromium from wastewater by membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrodialysis, electrodeionization, photocatalysis and nanotechnology: a review

Chromium is a potentially toxic and carcinogenic metal originating from natural processes and anthropogenic activities such as the iron steel, electroplating and leather industries. Therefore, chromium should be removed from wastewater to avoid environmental pollution and to recycle chromium in the context of the future circular economy. Here we briefly review aqueous Cr species, their toxicity and methods to remove Cr such as membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrodialysis, electrodeionization, photocatalysis and nanotechnology.