Strand Displacement Strategies for Biosensor Applications

SDRs directly connect a biosensing recognition event to its signaling event, producing simple, integrated platforms. Combining SDRs into cascades provides inherent amplification of target signals, thus boosting the sensitivity of the biosensing system. The incorporation of orthogonal strand displacement cascades allows multiplexed detection of multiple targets in one sample. SDRs can be applied universally to a diverse type of targets, including nucleic acids, proteins, and small molecules. DNA has many unique properties beyond encoding genetic information, one of which is its physicochemical stability based on Watson–Crick base pairing. Differences in sequence complementarity between multiple DNA strands can lead to the strand displacement reaction (SDR). SDRs have been regularly applied in synthetic biology, drug delivery, and, importantly, biosensing. SDR-based biosensors have high controllability, high sensitivity, and low interference, and can be used for multiplexed detection. Such biosensors have been demonstrated to detect nearly every class of biomolecule. As the field continues to mature, such platforms can be used as an integral tool for the manipulation of biomolecular reactions, bringing biosensors one step closer to the ultimate goal of point-of-care systems. DNA has many unique properties beyond encoding genetic information, one of which is its physicochemical stability based on Watson–Crick base pairing. Differences in sequence complementarity between multiple DNA strands can lead to the strand displacement reaction (SDR). SDRs have been regularly applied in synthetic biology, drug delivery, and, importantly, biosensing. SDR-based biosensors have high controllability, high sensitivity, and low interference, and can be used for multiplexed detection. Such biosensors have been demonstrated to detect nearly every class of biomolecule. As the field continues to mature, such platforms can be used as an integral tool for the manipulation of biomolecular reactions, bringing biosensors one step closer to the ultimate goal of point-of-care systems. clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) constitute an RNA-guided endonuclease that targets its complementary sequence through recognition of protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) by Cas protein and complementarity confirmation by guide RNA. DNA/RNA segments that are released from dying cells into the bloodstream. folding of DNA to construct 2D or 3D shapes through computational design of complementary sequences. a transmembrane glycoprotein that is involved in multiple cell metabolism processes. energy transfer between donor chromophore and acceptor chromophore. a hollow structure made by protein that allows gas permeation. a secondary structure of nucleic acids with guanine-rich sequences. part of the lac operon, which contains genes for lactose metabolism in E. coli. Expression of the lacZ gene leads production of β-galactosidase that metabolizes lactose into monosaccharides. mammalian microRNA encoded by MIR21 gene. these enable extracellular monitoring of neural activity through the detection of low-frequency local field potential oscillations and high-frequency action potentials of single units. the interaction between electrons on metal nanoparticles and light. the identification of biomolecules that induce a desirable change in the phenotype of cells or organisms. the ratio of specific signal to non-specific signal. a protein that stabilizes microtubules in central nervous system; Tau is an important biomarker for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. removes uracil from DNA molecules by cleaving the N-glycosyl bond. a virus transmitted mainly by Aedes mosquitoes.