Towards Commercialization of Graphite as an Anode for Na-ion Batteries: Evolution, Virtues, and Snags of Solvent Cointercalation

Sodium-ion storage in graphite through a solvent cointercalation mechanism is extremely robust regarding cycling stability, rate performance, and Coulombic efficiency. The graphite half cell has a low working voltage and high power density. The respectable capacity, even at high current rates, makes graphite in a glyme-based system a versatile energy storage device. This perspective comprehensively looks at graphite-based sodium-ion full cells and how they perform. Electrolyte composition, cathode working voltage, irreversibility, precycling, and high current performance are the key points to consider during full-cell fabrication. Some general factors to consider during the full-cell assembly are put forward in this perspective.