Three-dimensional finite element modeling of glenoid bone loss and baseplate fixation in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

Posterior glenoid bone loss is frequently observed in patients with osteoarthritis undergoing reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA). Glenoid bone loss can reduce baseplate back support area and number of screws for fixation. The purpose of this study is to determine how initial baseplate fixation is affected by biomechanical factors introduced by glenoid bone loss such as reduced baseplate back support area and reduced screw number using three-dimensional finite element analysis. CT images of a healthy shoulder were selected and segmented to obtain the solid geometry. Solid models were generated with 100%, 75%, 67%, 50% and 25% glenoid baseplate back support. With these geometries, two groups of finite element models were then built. In the bone loss areas, screws were maintained in one group of models but were removed in the other group of models. 750N compressive loading was applied alone the direction parallel to the scapula axis. Maximum von Mises stress and maximum micromotion between the bone and implant were recorded and evaluated for each glenoid bone model. In the group of models where all screws remained in place, the maximum stress and maximum micromotion between the bone and implant exhibited minimal variation. The maximum stresses were 21.10MPa and the maximum micromotions were between 2-3μm. However, in the group of models removing screws in the bone loss areas, maximum stress increased from 20MPa to 45MPa and maximum micromotion increased from 2μm to 85μm as the backside support area decreased from 100% to 25%. In conclusion, this 3D FEA study demonstrates that initial fixation can be achieved with approximately 1/3 posterior glenoid bone deficiency even without screw placement in the area of bone loss. Glenoid bone loss affects baseplate fixation mainly by reducing the screw numbers for fixation. If screws can be placed in the bone loss area, the decreased baseplate back support area will not result in increased stresses or micromotion leading to baseplate failure. This study suggests that surgeons should consider applying screws to the bone loss area if the remaining bone is able to hold the screw.