Synergistic Effect of Lactam and Pyridine Nitrogen on Polysulfide Chemisorption and Electrocatalysis in Lithium Sulfur Batteries

Sulfur undergoes various changes, including the formation of negative charge-bearing lithium polysulfides during the operation of Li-S batteries. Dissolution of some of the polysulfides in battery electrolytes is one of the reasons for the poor performance of Li-S batteries. The charge injection into the sulfur and polysulfides from the electrode is also a problem. To address these issues, a small-molecule additive, 3,6-di(pyridin-4-yl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione, was designed and synthesized with carbonyl oxygen atoms and two types of nitrogen. The pyridinic nitrogen increases the electronegativity of the carbonyl oxygen atoms. The pyridinic nitrogen, carbonyl oxygen, and lactam nitrogen provide multiple binding sites concurrently to the polysulfides, which increases the binding efficiency between the additive and polysulfides. A control molecule without the pyridine moiety displayed decreased binding to lithium polysulfides. Furthermore, the band edges of lithium polysulfide and 3,6-di(pyridin-4-yl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione are commensurate for efficient charge transfer between them, leading to the efficient electrocatalysis of lithium polysulfides. The cyclic voltammogram of the Li-S battery fabricated with 3,6-di(pyridin-4-yl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione exhibited sharp and well-defined peaks, confirming the formation of Li₂S_y (where y varies between one and eight) from S₈. These Li-S batteries showed a specific capacity of 950 mA h/g at 0.5 C, with a capacity retention of 70% at the 300th cycle. The pyridine-free control molecule, 3,6-diphenyl-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione, showed relatively poor performance in a Li-S battery.