A comprehensive evaluation of solar cell technologies, associated loss mechanisms, and efficiency enhancement strategies for photovoltaic cells

In-depth assessments of cutting-edge solar cell technologies, emerging materials, loss mechanisms, and performance enhancement techniques are presented in this article. The study covers silicon (Si) and group III–V materials, lead halide perovskites, sustainable chalcogenides, organic photovoltaics, and dye-sensitized solar cells. In this regard, promising architectural advancements with graphene and metamaterials are highlighted. The study also encompasses various types of losses, including intrinsic and extrinsic losses in single-junction solar cells. Additionally, it evaluates efficiency improvement techniques such as light management and spectral utilization. While the efficiency of Si-based solar cells has plateaued around 25%, the efficiency of III–V compound semiconductor-based multi-junction solar cells is increasing. However, the high material cost of III–V compound semiconductors is a drawback. Furthermore, CIGS and CdTe solar cell technologies compete with crystalline solar cells, owing to recent advances in cell performance, however environmental concerns and CdTe solar cells' low open-circuit voltage remain challenges. On the other hand, Perovskite solar cells are extremely efficient in both single and multijunction arrangements. Device deterioration, hysteresis, and film quality are among issues that must be addressed when industrialising perovskite solar cells.