Pricing Game and Blockchain for Electricity Data Trading in Low-Carbon Smart Energy Systems

The development of low-carbon power systems has not only elevated the investment costs of power enterprises, but also generated a vast amount of electricity data. The electricity data trading holds promising potential as a primary means to cover investment costs. However, there is a lack of research on the electricity data trading. To address this issue, this article designs an electricity data trading method based on price game and blockchain for low-carbon power systems. It encompasses a data trading framework and the corresponding trading mechanism. The proposed trading framework contains data providers, data consumers, and a blockchain-based information system that plays the role of the data servicer to handle the transactions between data providers and consumers. The proposed trading mechanism mainly consists of three parts: 1) valuation; 2) pricing; and 3) copyrights confirmation. Those parts are executed sequentially to complete the electricity data trading process from valuation to clearing. Specially, the information theory is employed to realize multidimensional electricity data valuation. Further, the data trading game pricing is formulated as a multiobjective optimization problem considering market power constraints to solve. In addition, the digital watermarking combined with blockchain is designed to protect the electricity data copyright. With those components, the designed electricity data trading method enables the power enterprises to make profit from the low-carbon smart energy systems. Finally, experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.