Evidence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications of Microplastics and Nanoplastics As Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Narrative Review

This review comprehensively studied how microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) may affect heart and blood vessel health (cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)). These particles are found in the environment and can enter the human body through food, air, and skin contact. MNPs can travel through the bloodstream and build up in organs, including the heart and arteries. Studies in animals and humans suggest that MNPs may cause inflammation, damage blood vessels, disturb the normal function of the heart, and increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Researchers have also found MNPs in human artery plaques and blood clots. Current evidence of MNP on CVD is not fully conclusive. However, more research is needed to fully understand how much of a risk they pose. This review highlights the current knowledge, the possible health risks, the gaps in research, and what should be done next to better detect and manage these MNPs for public health safety.