Review of Driver Behavior Characteristics and Hazard Perception Enhancement in Low‐Illumination Environments

Low‐illumination environments significantly affect drivers’ behavior characteristics and hazard perception, making it one of the key factors contributing to the high frequency of traffic accidents in such conditions. Although nighttime driving accounts for a relatively small proportion of total driving mileage, the associated accident risk is significantly higher than during the day. This paper analyze the mechanisms of changes in drivers’ visual behavior, physiological and psychological states, and speed control characteristics under low‐illumination conditions and investigated the impact of individual factors (such as age, gender, and driving experience) and external environments on hazard perception. It summarized various existing training methods aimed at improving hazard perception and further discusses the quantification models for hazard perception. Finally, it summarized the limitations of the current research and explores future research directions, with the aim of providing theoretical and technical support for reducing traffic accident risks in low‐illumination​ environments.