Integrated Wearable Microgrids for Autonomous Energy Management and Biosensing

Practical wearable electronics for non-invasive personal health monitoring require advanced multimodal sensing and seamless system integration. However, current platforms are hindered by insufficient energy autonomy, limited sensing performance, user discomfort, complex circuit architectures, and bulky device form factors. Here, we present a wireless, energy-autonomous, multiplexed sweat sensing system based on a wearable microgrid framework. This system integrates high-efficiency, self-voltage-regulated microgrids—comprising wearable energy harvesters (like electrochemical biofuel cells) and flexible rechargeable batteries—to harvest and manage energy from the body. Critical system-level design strategies, including precise energy budgeting, electrochemical circuit compatibility, and adaptive hybrid energy harvesting, enable reliable integration of low-power signal acquisition electronics and wireless data transmission modules. The fluidic interface facilitates continuous sweat sampling, delivering analytes to an electrochemical sensor array for real-time, on-demand detection of multiple biomarkers such as glucose, lactate, ascorbic acid, and levodopa. Utilizing enzyme-based and redox-active sensing strategies, the platform achieves selective and stable electrochemical measurements over extended durations. This self-powered wearable system offers a compact, user-friendly, and robust solution for continuous, non-invasive metabolic health monitoring.