Electrochemical biosensing of uric acid: A review

• The normal level of uric acid should fall in between 0.13–0.46 mM in serum and 1.49–4.46 mM in urine. • Uric acid is the byproduct of various cellular metabolism such as purine nucleotides in human beings. • Both high and low levels of uric acid lead to various number of cardiovascular and kidney-related diseases. • Uric acid is mainly excreted with the help of kidneys and intestinal tract and shows no further metabolic activities in humans. Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine derivatives in human metabolism. Both low and high levels of UA lead to a various number of disorders such as Wilson’s disease, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, kidney-related diseases. The normal range of UA in human blood serum should be fall between 0.13–0.46 mM and 1.49–4.46 mM in urine. The present review article highlights the various electrochemical biosensors developed for uric acid monitoring, with special emphasis on enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods. The enzymatic biosensors showed a concentration range between 100–10 7 nM and limit of detection from 0.52 to 5 × 10 9 nM whereas non– enzymatic biosensors showed concentration range in between 1–9 × 10 5 nM and limit of detection in range of 0.1–700 nM. These biosensors computed UA levels in various biological and pharmaceutical samples. Future perspectives for better improvement and commercialization of UA biosensors are also conferred.