Industry 4.0 technologies in agri-food sector and their integration in the global value chain: A review

We use many kinds of digital technologies in our daily life and they lead to radical changes. These technologies are recently being adopted by agriculture and food industry and their use in various applications is tested. The results of the studies conducted with the use of these technologies, especially IoT (internet of things)-based systems, are quite promising for the solution of the chronic problems of agriculture and food industry such as food-borne diseases, mycotoxin contaminations, pesticide residues, increasing waste, etc. Under extraordinary conditions, just like the ones we have recently experienced due to COVID-19 pandemic, IoT-based systems are crucial to ensure the sustainability of agriculture and food supply chain. In this review, the fundamentals of IoT-based systems and recent developments in their use in agriculture and food supply chain are explained. Based on the literature, examples of successful applications of IoT-based systems for irrigation efficiency, pesticide treatments, supply chain management etc. are given. Nowadays, there is a great demand for the integration of IoT-based systems into the present agricultural practices and supply chains and it seems to increase exponentially. Experts in electronics and computer sciences have achieved noteworthy success in the simulations. On the other hand, only a few studies have been conducted in real agricultural and food systems. However, IoT-based systems should be tested on-site and their success in practical applications should be proved. It is obvious that new era will be one in which IoT-based technologies and their tools will be more commonly used in agriculture and food supply.