Engineering functional nanocomposites for enhanced AOP-mediated microplastic mineralization: From mechanistic insights to water remediation strategies

Microplastics (MPs) are a new type of persistent pollutant generated during the use and disposal of plastics. Owing to their small size, MPs can easily enter the human body via the food chain, posing a significant threat to human health compared to larger plastic debris. This review examines the physicochemical properties of porous plastics and their impact on subsequent degradation processes. With the increasing application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for degrading MPs, this study offers a comprehensive review of the field, with systematic elucidation of the mechanisms and typical applications of various AOPs such as photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, Fenton oxidation, and persulfate oxidation. A detailed evaluation of the advantages and limitations of each technique is also provided. Given that functional nanomaterials are essential for advancing novel energy solutions and pollutant remediation, this review explores the recent developments in cutting-edge materials for the AOP-driven degradation of MPs, critically examines relevant materials and their applications, identifies existing challenges, and suggests future directions for material development. Finally, this review addresses the challenges and key issues in eliminating MPs through AOPs and outlines prospects for future advancements in this field. • Physical and chemical properties of microplastics and their environmental migration • This review provides an overview of the different methods and mechanisms for the removal of micropollutants. • The application of metals, non-metals, and composite materials in microplastic degradation. • The current challenges and future perspectives faced by advanced oxidation processes.