Exploring the Role of Perceived Usefulness and AI Anxiety in Technology-driven Self-directed Learning: A Paradox Mindset Perspective

Technological advancements such as virtual teaching assistants, online courses, AI-powered learning platforms and interactive robotic teaching systems are transforming the educational landscape. These developments raise important questions regarding learners’ attitudes towards technology-driven self-learning (ATSL) and the anxiety associated with AI. While qualitative research has explored these attitudes, concerns regarding overreliance on AI and its long-term implications on traditional education systems persist. This study examines postgraduate management students’ perspectives on AI technologies’ learning environments, with a specific focus on four constructs: ATSL, AI anxiety related to learning (AIA), perceived usefulness of technology (PUT) and paradox mindset (PM). Data collected from 262 students through a structured questionnaire were analysed using IBM SPSS 23 and PROCESS macro. Findings suggest that a PM positively influences ATSL, with PUT partially mediating this relationship. However, AI anxiety moderates the connection, amplifying the positive effects of a PM when anxiety levels are high. These insights are especially relevant for educators, policymakers and developers, emphasizing the need for guidance and support to address AI-related apprehensions while promoting a positive attitudes towards technological innovations.