Electrospun Nanofibers Loaded with Concentrated Growth Factors and Nanohydroxyapatite for the Healing of Alveolar Bone in Tooth Extraction Wounds

The healing of tooth extraction wounds is significantly influenced by various factors, including interference from the oral microenvironment, invasion of gingival tissue, and inflammation of the alveolar socket, all of which contribute to the substantial loss of bone tissue in the alveolar socket. This study employed electrospinning technology to fabricate polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sodium alginate (SA) nanofiber scaffolds infused with freeze-dried concentrated growth factor (CGF) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA). The objective was to investigate the repair mechanism of the PVA/SA/CGF/nHA nanofibers for oral alveolar bone defects, thereby offering novel treatment strategies for bone defect repair. In vitro experimental results demonstrate that the addition of nHA significantly enhances both the degradation rate and swelling ratio of the PVA/SA/CGF/nHA fiber membrane. Additionally, the scaffold exhibits favorable microstructural properties and biocompatibility. The sustained release of fibrin in CGF suggests that the fibrous membrane maintains a stable three-dimensional structure, facilitating the slow and sustained release of CGF. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red staining indicate a significant promotion of osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs). Furthermore, qRT-PCR results reveal increased expression levels of the ALP, collagen type-1 (Col1), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN) genes. To further investigate the impact of the local application of the nanofiber membrane on bone regeneration, a rat tooth extraction wound model was established. These results confirm that the electrospun PVA/SA/CGF/nHA nanofiber membrane significantly promotes the proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. This finding offers a novel treatment for oral alveolar bone defects and has potential clinical applications in the oral cavity.