医学
免疫疗法
临床试验
肿瘤微环境
癌症
免疫系统
肿瘤科
化疗
免疫学
内科学
作者
Nikolaos Skouteris,Georgios Papageorgiou,Rodanthi Fioretzaki,Nikolaos Charalampakis,Dimitrios Schizas,Stylianos Kykalos,Maria Tolia
出处
期刊:Immunotherapy
[Future Medicine]
日期:2023-05-01
卷期号:15 (7): 487-502
被引量:3
标识
DOI:10.2217/imt-2022-0225
摘要
Cholangiocarcinoma consists of a heterogeneous group of malignancies with generally poor prognoses. Immunotherapy has emerged in the treatment landscape of many tumors, offering survival benefits, but data regarding the use of immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma remain vague. In this review, the authors analyze differences in the tumor microenvironment and various immune escape mechanisms and discuss available immunotherapy combinations with other agents among completed and ongoing clinical trials, such as chemotherapy, targeted agents, antiangiogenic drugs, local ablative therapies, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapy and PARP and TGF-β inhibitors. Ongoing research to identify appropriate biomarkers is warranted.
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