Mechanisms of radiation-induced endothelium damage: Emerging models and technologies

内皮 医学 内皮干细胞 内皮功能障碍 癌症研究 细胞生物学 炎症 放射治疗 免疫学 病理 生物 体外 内科学 生物化学
作者
Harshani Wijerathne,Jordan C. Langston,Qingliang Yang,Shuang Sun,Curtis Miyamoto,Laurie E. Kilpatrick,Mohammad F. Kiani
出处
期刊:Radiotherapy and Oncology [Elsevier BV]
卷期号:158: 21-32 被引量:105
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.radonc.2021.02.007
摘要

Radiation-induced endothelial/vascular injury is a major complicating factor in radiotherapy and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in nuclear or radiological catastrophes. Exposure of tissue to ionizing radiation (IR) leads to the release of oxygen radicals and proteases that result in loss of endothelial barrier function and leukocyte dysfunction leading to tissue injury and organ damage. Microvascular endothelial cells are particularly sensitive to IR and radiation-induced alterations in endothelial cell function are thought to be a critical factor in organ damage through endothelial cell activation, enhanced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, increased barrier permeability and initiation of apoptotic pathways. These radiation-induced inflammatory responses are important in early and late radiation pathologies in various organs. A better understanding of mechanisms of radiation-induced endothelium dysfunction is therefore vital, as radiobiological response of endothelium is of major importance for medical management and therapeutic development for radiation injuries. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced endothelium damage and their impact on early and late radiation injury. Furthermore, we review established and emerging in vivo and in vitro models that have been developed to study the mechanisms of radiation-induced endothelium damage and to design, develop and rapidly screen therapeutics for treatment of radiation-induced vascular damage. Currently there are no specific therapeutics available to protect against radiation-induced loss of endothelial barrier function, leukocyte dysfunction and resulting organ damage. Developing therapeutics to prevent endothelium dysfunction and normal tissue damage during radiotherapy can serve as the urgently needed medical countermeasures.
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