Silymarin nanoliposomes attenuate renal injury on diabetic nephropathy rats via co-suppressing TGF-β/Smad and JAK2/STAT3/SOCS1 pathway

To investigate the improvement and mechanisms of silymarin on renal injury in mouse podocytes and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy model (DN) rats. Firstly, the effects of silymarin on the cell viability and cellular injury-related indicators of high-glucose incubated mouse podocytes MPC-5 were assessed by CCK-8 and western blotting (WB) methods, respectively. The STZ-induced diabetic rats with DN were treated with silymarin nanoliposomes at three doses for consecutive 8-week. General metabolic indicators, renal functions and lipid accumulation-related factors were all measured. The renal tissue sections were stained and observed via hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining method. Real-time RT-PCR and WB methods were utilized to measure the expression of JAK2/STAT3/SOCS1 and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway related factors. Silymarin significantly improve the high-glucose induced up-regulation of podoxin and nephrin, as well as the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, ICAM-1 and TNF-α, and the cell survival rates were also significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Significant improvement on body weight/kidney ratio, renal functions and lipid profiles in renal tissues were observed in STZ-induced diabetic rats after chronic silymarin treatment. The H&E staining exhibited that the pathological damages in renal tissues were obviously improved. Moreover, silymarin nanoliposomes treatment notably suppressed expression levels of inflammation-related proteins as well as IL-6 and ICAM-1, and regulated JAK2/STAT3/SOCS1 and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, thereby exhibited protective effects on kidney of DN model rats. Silymarin nanoliposomes ameliorate STZ-induced kidney injury by improving oxidative stress, renal fibrosis, and co-inhibiting JAK2/STAT3/SOCS1 and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways in diabetic rats.