ESPEN micronutrient guideline

Background: Trace elements and vitamins, named together micronutrients (MNs), are essential for human metabolism.Recent research has shown the importance of MNs in common pathologies, with significant deficiencies impacting the outcome.Objective: This guideline aims to provide information for daily clinical nutrition practice regarding assessment of MN status, monitoring, and prescription.It proposes a consensus terminology, since many words are used imprecisely, resulting in confusion.This is particularly true for the words "deficiency", "repletion", "complement", and "supplement".Methods: The expert group attempted to apply the 2015 standard operating procedures (SOP) for ESPEN which focuses on disease.However, this approach could not be applied due to the multiple diseases requiring clinical nutrition resulting in one text for each MN, rather than for diseases.An extensive search of the literature was conducted in the databases Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and CINAHL.The search focused on physiological data, historical evidence (published before PubMed release in 1996), and observational and/or randomized trials.For each MN, the main functions, optimal analytical methods, impact of inflammation, potential toxicity, and provision during enteral or parenteral nutrition were addressed.The SOP wording was applied for strength of recommendations.