Influence of higher-order nonlinear effects on optical solitons of the complex Swift-Hohenberg model in the mode-locked fiber laser

The complex Swift-Hohenberg equation (CSHE) has been widely studied in recent years. It is a more real model in the mode-locked fiber laser with the saturable absorber due to the addition of the diffraction term compared with the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation. In this work, the dynamics process of the traditional soliton and M−type soliton pulses in the mode-locked fiber laser is demonstrated based on the CSHE model with higher-order nonlinear effects. The results show that with the increase of the small signal gain coefficient, the number of soliton molecules adds gradually. Under the same transmission conditions, the transmission of M−type solitons in the laser are more stable than that of single solitons. By adding the self-steepening effect, it can be found that the time-domain shift due to higher-order dispersion effects is compensated. The self-frequency shift effect caused by the Raman scattering can produce not only time domain shift, but also frequency domain shift. Moreover, the addition of higher-order diffraction term can describe the spectral response of multiple peaks, and makes the pulse spectrum show the asymmetric propagation in the transmission process. Finally, the increase of the length of the single-mode fiber on the right side of the gain fiber in the optical circuit will not only shift the center position of the output pulse backward, but also make the pulse energy show a ladder type downward trend.