On the Fundamental Problems of the Effect Theory in Economics

The author first puts forward the three fundamental problems with theories of effect in Economics. And the more important problem with this theory is that, while the effects are equal to each other, there will not commodity exchange emerge. So, the commodity exchange ratio can not be determined by effect. This shows that behaviors of commodity exchange in the market can not be explained by the theory of effect. And this also can be used to determine or measure value of commodity.